Identify the database model: Which database type does not rely on explicit pointers/physical links and instead uses field contents to relate records?

Introduction / Context:
Different database models manage relationships in different ways. Early models (hierarchical and network) used explicit physical links or pointers. The relational model replaced pointers with logical relationships expressed through common attribute values and keys, enabling powerful ad hoc querying.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We compare models: hierarchical, network, relational, and object-oriented.
• The question focuses on how relationships are represented.
• We assume standard textbook definitions.

Concept / Approach:
Relational databases represent data in relations (tables). Relationships are inferred by matching values, typically via primary keys and foreign keys, rather than following stored pointer paths. Hierarchical and network models, by contrast, encode relationships through parent-child links or set pointers.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the model that uses logical value-based joins: relational.Confirm that pointer-based navigation is characteristic of hierarchical/network models.Select “Relational.”Validate via the role of keys and joins in SQL.

Verification / Alternative check:
SQL join operations operate purely on matching field values without requiring physical link traversal, illustrating the relational approach.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Network: relies on set pointers for navigation.

Hierarchical: parent-child pointers define structure.

Object-Oriented: uses object references; not primarily value-based joins.

None of the above: incorrect because relational is correct.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming “object-oriented” equates to “no pointers.” In practice, objects reference each other; relationships are not primarily derived from matching field values.

Final Answer:
Relational