Limits of transgenic technology Which agricultural challenge below cannot be directly solved by creating a transgenic crop?

Introduction / Context:
Genetic engineering can change plant traits to tolerate stresses or resist pests and diseases. However, not all agricultural challenges are biological; some are social, regulatory, or market-driven.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Transgenic traits alter plant biology (e.g., stress tolerance, resistance).
• Public attitudes and market preferences are external to plant physiology.
• Engineering cannot force consumer acceptance or change certification standards for “organic.”

Concept / Approach:
Separate biologically addressable problems (frost, virus, salinity) from socio-economic ones (consumer preference). Even if a transgenic plant reduces pesticide use, consumer segments may still prefer certified organic produce, which currently excludes GM methods in many jurisdictions.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Review organic standards and market reports: organic certification excludes most transgenic methods; preferences persist irrespective of available GM traits.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Frost damage: can be mitigated by engineered antifreeze proteins or membrane modifications.
• Viral diseases: addressed by transgenes (e.g., coat-protein–mediated resistance).
• Synthetic pesticide concerns: traits that reduce pesticide use can help, though not eliminate concerns.
• Soil salinity: transgenes in ion transport/osmoprotectants can improve tolerance.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming that better traits automatically change consumer behavior or policy.

Final Answer:
Public preference for organic vegetables (market preference)