Linux installation methods Which types of Linux installations typically require a special boot disk or boot image because additional drivers (for networking or laptop controllers) are needed to start the installer?

Introduction / Context:
Historically, many Linux distributions supported installations over the network or on laptops with PCMCIA controllers. In such cases, the standard boot media sometimes lacked the necessary network or controller drivers. A dedicated boot disk or specialized boot image was used to load those drivers and bring up the installer environment.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• NFS or FTP installations require networking drivers early in the boot process.
• PCMCIA (common in older laptops) requires controller support before storage or network devices are usable.
• The question asks which install types typically need a special boot disk/image.

Concept / Approach:
When the installer must access network shares (NFS/FTP) or PCMCIA-attached devices, it needs appropriate kernel modules very early. Distributions provided “network/PCMCIA boot disks” or “netinst” images to initialize hardware before the full installer ran.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Recognize NFS and FTP installs demand early network initialization.Note that PCMCIA controllers also need early driver loading.Therefore, a special boot disk/image is common to all three scenarios.Choose the inclusive answer.

Verification / Alternative check:
Review historical documentation for classic distros (e.g., Debian netinst, Red Hat boot images) that shipped separate boot media for network and PCMCIA installs.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
NFS only (Option A) omits FTP and PCMCIA needs.FTP only (Option B) omits NFS/PCMCIA.PCMCIA only (Option C) omits network-based installs.

Common Pitfalls:

• Assuming modern USB installers never need extra drivers; some hardware still requires special initrds.
• Confusing repository access after install with pre-install driver needs.
• Not verifying network hardware compatibility before choosing a net install.

Final Answer:
All of the above