Linux history: Who created the Linux kernel (initiating its development in 1991 as a free, open-source project)?

Introduction / Context:
Understanding the origins of Linux helps learners grasp the ethos of open-source software development. The Linux kernel, which powers countless servers, desktops, and embedded devices, began as a personal project that rapidly grew into a global collaborative effort.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The question asks for the individual who developed the Linux kernel.
• Timeframe: initial public announcement occurred in 1991.
• Linux refers specifically to the kernel, distinct from other GNU tools and userland components.

Concept / Approach:
Linus Torvalds, then a student at the University of Helsinki, released the early versions of the Linux kernel, encouraging collaboration. While Richard Stallman founded the Free Software Foundation and the GNU project (providing userland tools and licenses), the kernel itself was created by Torvalds. Distributions combine the Linux kernel with GNU tools and other software.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Check historical archives (e.g., the famous 1991 announcement and early kernel releases). The distinction between “Linux kernel” and “GNU/Linux distribution” confirms the answer.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Bob Young: Business leader, co-founder of Red Hat, not the kernel creator. Mark Eving: Not a recognized figure in Linux history. Richard Stallman: Led GNU/FSF; pivotal to free software but did not create the Linux kernel. None of the above: Incorrect because Linus Torvalds is right.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing GNU (userland) with Linux (kernel). Using “Linux” to refer to the entire operating system stack; technically the kernel is Linux, while distributions bundle it with other components.

Final Answer:
Linus Torvalds