Semiconductor diodes — minimum forward voltage for conduction In practical silicon rectifier or signal diodes, what is the approximate minimum forward voltage required before significant current will flow from anode to cathode?

Introduction / Context:
Understanding the forward conduction threshold of a pn-junction diode is fundamental in electronics. Designers often approximate a silicon diode as a switch that begins to conduct significantly after a certain forward voltage is reached. This question probes your grasp of that practical threshold, sometimes called the knee voltage or cut-in voltage.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Device: ordinary silicon diode (not Schottky, not germanium).
• Forward conduction of interest: macroscopic/sizable current region used in typical circuits.
• Room-temperature operation assumed.

Concept / Approach:
For a pn-junction diode, the Shockley relation ID = IS * (e^(VD/(n*VT)) - 1) shows current rises exponentially with forward voltage VD. In practice, engineers use a rule-of-thumb threshold where conduction becomes significant. For silicon diodes, this forward drop settles around 0.6–0.7 V at modest currents. Germanium diodes are typically ~0.2–0.3 V, and Schottky diodes ~0.2–0.4 V.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Recognize device type: standard silicon pn-junction.Recall practical knee/turn-on region: about 0.6–0.7 V for silicon.Select the closest standard value used in circuit calculations: 0.7 V.

Verification / Alternative check:
Datasheets of common silicon diodes (e.g., 1N4148, 1N400x) show typical forward drops near 0.7 V at tens to hundreds of milliamps. SPICE diode models also default to ~0.7 V as a convenient design estimate.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• 0.07 V: Far too low; not characteristic of pn silicon (closer to on-resistance behavior of MOSFETs at tiny currents, not a diode knee).
• 4.3 V: Much too high for a single diode; may reflect Zener breakdown values, not forward conduction.
• 0.2 V: More typical of germanium or Schottky diodes, not standard silicon.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing diode types (Schottky vs silicon) when estimating forward drop.
• Ignoring current dependence: VF rises with current and temperature effects reduce VF.

Final Answer:
0.7 V