Hepatitis viruses transmitted by parenteral and sexual routes: Which of the following fit this mode of transmission?

Introduction:
Transmission routes determine screening policies, prevention strategies, and counseling. Several blood-borne hepatitis or hepatitis-associated viruses spread via parenteral exposures and, to varying degrees, sexual contact.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• HBV, HCV, and Hepatitis G virus (GBV-C) are listed.
• Parenteral includes transfusion, needle sharing, occupational exposures.
• Sexual transmission efficiency differs among viruses.

Concept / Approach:
HBV is efficiently transmitted by both parenteral and sexual routes. HCV is primarily parenteral; sexual transmission is less efficient but documented, especially with high-risk exposures. GBV-C (Hepatitis G virus) is parenterally transmitted and has been detected in sexually transmitted contexts. Therefore, all listed agents can follow these routes.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Confirm parenteral spread for HBV, HCV, and GBV-C. Acknowledge sexual transmission: high for HBV, lower yet present for HCV and GBV-C. Select the inclusive option since all listed viruses qualify.

Verification / Alternative check:
Serologic and epidemiologic studies support these routes, with prevention relying on safe injections, blood screening, barrier protection, and HBV vaccination.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Any single virus alone: Incomplete because multiple viruses listed fit the criteria.
• None of these: False based on extensive transmission evidence.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming HCV has no sexual transmission; although less efficient, it can occur, particularly with co-factors like high viral load or mucosal injury.

Final Answer:
All of these viruses have parenteral and sexual transmission routes.