In electric arc furnace (EAF) steelmaking, what is the typical specific electrical energy consumption per ton of liquid steel (order-of-magnitude range under modern practice)?

Introduction / Context:
Electric arc furnaces melt scrap (and/or DRI/HBI) using electrical energy delivered via arcs and supplemental oxygen/chemical energy. Knowing the typical specific energy consumption helps benchmark furnace performance, cost, and environmental footprint.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Modern EAF with foamy slag practice and oxygen/oxy-fuel assist.
• Energy figure refers to electrical kWh per ton of tapped steel, not total energy.
• Operating with reasonable power-on time and hot heel.

Concept / Approach:
Industry data show that efficient EAFs consume on the order of a few hundred kWh/t of electrical energy, typically in the 400–700 kWh/t range, depending on charge mix, slag practice, power input, and recovery of off-gas heat. Much lower values (e.g., 60–100 kWh/t) are unrealistic for the electrical portion; much higher values belong to outdated or inefficient operations.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Technical audits and steelmaking references commonly cite approximately 400–700 kWh/t electrical consumption for well-optimized furnaces using foamy slag and direct current or ultra-high power AC operation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• 60–100: Far below practical electrical input required to melt and superheat steel.
• 1200–1500 or 2000–2300: Excessive for electrical share; not representative of modern practice.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing electrical energy with total energy including chemical sources; also, tapping practice and scrap preheating can skew comparisons.

Final Answer:
400 - 700