Applications of shift registers in digital systems: which uses are valid for a general-purpose shift register in data handling and timing?

Introduction / Context:
Shift registers are chains of flip-flops clocked to move data one stage per tick. Their versatility makes them core building blocks in serializers, deserializers, and timing circuits for communication and signal processing.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Devices can accept parallel or serial inputs based on configuration.
• Outputs may be tapped at intermediate stages for timing purposes.
• Clocking moves bits predictably along the chain.

Concept / Approach:
Parallel-to-serial: load multiple bits at once, then shift them out bit by bit. Serial-to-parallel: accept a bit stream over successive clocks, then read out all bits together. Digital delay line: each stage introduces one clock period of delay, creating a precise multi-cycle delay.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Textbook examples and datasheets (e.g., 74xx/40xx families) routinely demonstrate all three uses, confirming the inclusive option.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring load and shift control signals; misaligning clock domains when using as delay lines can cause metastability.

Final Answer:
all of the above