Urea synthesis conditions:\nWhat are the typical temperature and pressure inside the high-pressure urea autoclave where NH3 and CO2 are converted via ammonium carbamate?

Introduction / Context:
Industrial urea is produced in two main steps: rapid formation of ammonium carbamate from ammonia and carbon dioxide at high pressure, followed by slower dehydration of carbamate to urea and water. This occurs in a high-pressure synthesis section (autoclave/stripper). Recognising the correct operating window is essential for process understanding and troubleshooting.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Process employs high NH3:CO2 ratio and high pressure to drive carbamate formation.
• Typical synthesis temperature is in the 170–200 °C range.
• Typical pressure is in the 140–250 atm range, often near ~200 atm.

Concept / Approach:
Option (b) best matches common industrial conditions. Too low a temperature slows the dehydration step; too high a temperature may promote side reactions (e.g., biuret) and create materials issues. Very high pressures beyond design norms bring diminishing returns and mechanical penalties, while low pressure cannot maintain the liquid-phase environment needed for efficient carbamate formation and recycle.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Process descriptions and licensor data (e.g., stripping and recycle schemes) publish similar T–P ranges for synthesis loops.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• 120 °C/300 atm: temperature too low for practical dehydration kinetics.
• 400 °C/550 atm: far above standard; materials and side reactions become prohibitive.
• 200 °C/10 atm: pressure far too low to maintain the required liquid phase.
• 260 °C/1 atm: non-sensical for synthesis; vacuum is used later in concentration, not in synthesis.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing synthesis conditions with downstream evaporation/concentration under vacuum; overemphasising pressure without considering reaction kinetics.

Final Answer:
190 °C and 200 atm