Turbine flowmeter application spectrum: Turbine meters are especially suitable for which of the following application domains?

Introduction / Context:
Turbine flowmeters use a rotor whose angular speed is proportional to volumetric flow, yielding excellent linearity over wide, well-conditioned ranges. Their strengths include fast response, good repeatability, and suitability for clean, low-viscosity fluids and gases—including cryogenic services—making them a good fit for aerospace contexts where weight and response matter.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Clean service with properly filtered fluids or gases.
• Appropriate upstream/downstream straight runs and flow conditioning.
• Temperature/pressure ratings compatible with the chosen meter build.

Concept / Approach:
Turbine meters are widely used for cryogenic fluids (e.g., liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, RP-1 kerosene under controlled conditions) and for aerospace/airborne fuel flow and test stands. They are not restricted to “very limited range”; rather, they have a good turndown (often 10:1 or more). They are not designed for highly viscous slurries where drag and particle impact compromise accuracy and life.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor catalogs and aerospace standards document turbine meters across cryogenic and airborne systems, corroborating their suitability.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Deploying turbine meters without adequate filtration or ignoring viscosity effects, which can bias calibration.

Final Answer:
Both (b) and (c)