Sequence of track construction: Which activities are normally included in constructing a new length of ballasted track?

Introduction / Context:
New track works follow a logical sequence to ensure stability and geometry. From ground preparation to final ballasting, each step contributes to long-term performance and safety of the permanent way.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Ballasted track system on formation (embankment or cutting).
• Standard rail-sleeper fastenings and mechanized or manual methods.

Concept / Approach:
The process begins with preparing the subgrade (formation) to required level, camber, and compaction. Plate laying then places sleepers and rails to preliminary geometry. Finally, ballast is spread and tamped to achieve the required line, level, and crossfall while providing drainage and resilience.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Subgrade: clear vegetation, shape formation, compact to specification.2) Plate laying: position sleepers, lay rails, assemble joints or welds, and roughly align.3) Ballasting: distribute ballast, tamp to achieve design levels and stiffness, dress shoulders and cribs.

Verification / Alternative check:
Project quality plans specify inspection at each stage—density tests for subgrade, track geometry checks during plate laying, and final packing passes during ballasting/tamping.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Any subset misses essential steps; all listed stages are required for a stable, maintainable track.

Common Pitfalls:

• Poor subgrade compaction leading to settlement.
• Inadequate ballast depth affecting drainage and stiffness.

Final Answer:
All of the above.