Stoneware (vitrified clay) sewers: Identify the correct statements about uses, manufacture, firing, and glazing treatments applied during production.

Introduction / Context:
Stoneware (vitrified clay) pipes are widely used for small-diameter gravity sewers because of their chemical resistance, smooth glazed interior, and longevity when properly installed and bedded.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Small to medium house connections and laterals in sanitary sewers.
• Pipe manufacturing includes forming, drying, firing, and glazing steps.
• Glazing improves hydraulic smoothness and reduces infiltration/exfiltration risks.

Concept / Approach:

Selected clays/shales are formed into pipe shapes, dried to remove free moisture, and fired to achieve vitrification. Salt glazing (introducing sodium chloride into the kiln atmosphere) creates a hard, glossy, impervious finish. These properties make stoneware well-suited to house drainage where corrosion resistance to domestic sewage is essential.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Quality control includes dimensional checks, ring crush tests, absorption limits, and hydrostatic leak tests to verify vitrification and glazing integrity.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Options (a) through (d) are accurate descriptors; therefore the comprehensive correct choice is “All the above”.

Common Pitfalls:

Improper bedding and backfilling causing cracking; using inappropriate jointing materials; ignoring differential settlement at house connections.

Final Answer:

All the above