Scope of stellar astronomy — what observations does it primarily involve? Stellar astronomy primarily deals with which type of observations in the context of astronomical surveying and celestial mechanics?

Introduction / Context:
In classical terminology, “stellar astronomy” focuses on the study and observation of stars—their positions, motions, and physical properties. For surveyors and navigators, stellar observations provide precise references for latitude, longitude, azimuth determination, and timekeeping using the celestial sphere framework.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Separation of astronomical subfields: stellar vs. planetary vs. solar system dynamics.
• Surveying context where stars are used for orientation and time.

Concept / Approach:
While geodetic surveying defines the shape and size of Earth using terrestrial and satellite techniques, stellar astronomy concerns observing stars to establish celestial reference frames and to analyze stellar positions (astrometry) and properties (astrophysics). In field astronomy, star transits and altitude measurements are used to determine latitude, time, and azimuth, which is why stellar observations are central.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Observational astronomy curricula categorize stellar astronomy separately from planetary astronomy; both may be used in navigation, but stellar work is the core for precise time and direction.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Plane surveying and geodetic surveying reference terrestrial measurement techniques, not the stellar domain.
• Planet observations belong to planetary astronomy; useful but not “stellar.”

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming all celestial observations are “stellar”; in many navigation contexts the Sun, Moon, and planets are used, but the term “stellar astronomy” strictly concerns stars.

Final Answer:
Star observations