Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions Statement: In spite of poor services, the commuters have not complained. Assumptions: I. Generally, people do not tolerate poor services (so complaints would be expected). II. Complaints sometimes improve services.

Introduction / Context:
The sentence highlights a surprising observation: even though services are poor, commuters have not complained. The word “in spite of” signals that complaints were expected. We must find which assumption makes this expectation sensible.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Observed fact: Services are poor; no complaints were made.
• Assumption I: People normally do not tolerate poor service and would complain.
• Assumption II: Complaints sometimes improve services.

Concept / Approach:
To label the lack of complaints as notable, the speaker must assume complaints are the typical or reasonable reaction to poor service. That aligns with Assumption I. Whether complaints improve services (Assumption II) is not required to state the contrast; the statement does not discuss outcomes of complaining.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Negate I: If people typically accept poor service silently, then there would be nothing remarkable; “in spite of” would lose force. Thus I is necessary; II is not.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Only II / Either / Both: They assume an outcome of complaints that the statement does not mention.
• Neither: Misses the expectation embedded by “in spite of.”

Common Pitfalls:
Projecting policy effects (complaints improve services) onto a statement that merely contrasts behavior with quality.

Final Answer:
Only assumption I is implicit