Critical reasoning — identify implicit assumptions Statement (advertisement for a luxury project): “Move into the upper echelons without paying a steep price — book a luxurious flat with us.” Assumptions to evaluate: I. One can join the ranks of the rich purely by hard work. II. Enjoying luxury at a low price is the defining criterion of the upper crust. III. Booking a luxurious flat is very easy now.

Introduction / Context:
Advertising often uses aspirational language. This ad invites buyers to “move into the upper echelons” by booking a luxurious flat at a “not steep” price. We must decide which assumptions the copy necessarily relies upon, not what it merely suggests rhetorically.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Claim: Affordable entry into luxury via booking a flat.
• I: Social ascent occurs solely through hard work.
• II: The essence of the upper class is enjoying luxury at low cost.
• III: Booking a luxury flat is now very easy.

Concept / Approach:
We separate persuasive flourish from logical necessity. Ads can use metaphors (upper echelons) without committing to sociological claims (I, II) or procedural claims (III).

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Replace “upper echelons” with “premium lifestyle.” The core persuasive thrust remains: luxury at a not-steep price. None of I–III is essential for coherence.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Only II / Only III / II and III: import claims not needed for the ad’s logic.
• None of these: fails to acknowledge that no listed assumption is necessary.

Common Pitfalls:
Reading metaphor as literal assumption; confusing marketing hyperbole with required premises.

Final Answer:
None is implicit