Bacterial survival strategy: Compared with an actively replicating vegetative cell, a bacterial endospore differs in which of the following ways?

Introduction / Context:
Bacterial endospores (e.g., Bacillus, Clostridium) represent a survival form adapted to harsh environments. Recognizing how spores differ from vegetative cells underpins sterilization, infection control, and food-processing validations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Sporulation is a stress-induced developmental program, not a reproductive division.
• Endospores contain dipicolinic acid, small acid-soluble proteins, low water content, and specialized coats.
• They are dormant and highly resistant.

Concept / Approach:
Sporulation begins with an asymmetric septum, forming a forespore and mother cell. Protective layers and dehydrated core confer resistance to environmental extremes. Endospores resume metabolism only upon germination when conditions improve.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Confirm sporulation is asymmetric and developmental (option a). Recognize resistance traits (heat, drying, chemicals) exceed vegetative cells (option b). Note dormancy and metabolic inactivity until germination (option c). Conclude that all listed statements are true.

Verification / Alternative check:
Autoclaving parameters target spore inactivation (e.g., 121 °C saturated steam), highlighting their enhanced resistance.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• None of the above: Contradicted by well-known spore biology.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing endospores (survival) with exospores or reproductive spores in fungi; bacterial endospores are not reproductive.

Final Answer:
All of the above differences are correct.