Considering shape factors in particle technology, what is the sphericity of Raschig rings (short hollow cylinders used as packings)?\nChoose the most appropriate qualitative value.

Introduction / Context:
Sphericity is a dimensionless shape factor used to compare irregular particle shapes to a sphere. It affects surface area, drag, packing, and heat/mass transfer. Raschig rings are commonly used as tower packings and are distinctly non-spherical.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Sphericity, ψ, is defined as: surface area of a sphere with the same volume as the particle divided by the actual surface area of the particle.
• A perfect sphere has ψ = 1.
• Raschig rings are short hollow cylinders (non-spherical and open-ended).

Concept / Approach:
Because Raschig rings have more surface area for a given volume compared to a sphere, the ratio ψ is less than 1. This is consistent with other non-spherical packings such as saddles and rings where ψ typically falls below unity due to increased external and internal surface intricacies.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Published data for industrial packings list ψ values below 1 for Raschig rings, Berl saddles, and Intalox types, confirming the qualitative choice.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming sphericity reflects “roundness” visually; or confusing ψ with porosity or packing factor.

Final Answer:
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