Which of the following is NOT typically cited as an advantage of the database approach in modern information systems?

Introduction / Context:The database approach centralizes data definition and control, reducing redundancy and promoting consistency. Properly identifying advantages helps justify DBMS adoption and data governance practices.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• DBMSs separate data definitions from application code via schemas and catalogs.
• Centralized control supports sharing, integrity constraints, and security.
• Tight coupling between programs and data structures is considered a drawback.

Concept / Approach:Advantages include reduced redundancy, better consistency, and improved sharing. The database approach seeks to minimize program-data dependency by using schemas, views, and metadata so applications adapt with less code change when data definitions evolve.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:Data independence (logical and physical) is a core DBMS goal: changing storage or schema should minimally impact applications.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:Minimal redundancy, improved consistency, and improved sharing are classic, well-documented benefits of DBMS usage.

Common Pitfalls:Confusing program-data dependency with referential integrity; the former concerns coupling, the latter enforces relational rules.

Final Answer:program-data dependency.