Sieve (seive) tray columns are typically designed to operate at what fraction of the flooding vapor velocity to achieve high plate efficiency without excessive entrainment?

Introduction / Context:
Tray columns have an upper capacity limit known as flooding, where liquid is carried upward by vapor, causing hydraulic instability. Designers select an operating vapor velocity as a percentage of the flooding velocity to balance efficiency, capacity, and pressure drop.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Conventional sieve trays with typical physical properties and tray spacings.
• Well-distributed vapor and liquid loads.
• Focus is on a general design guideline, not a specific system re-rate.

Concept / Approach:
Operating too close to flooding risks entrainment and downcomer backup; too low reduces mass transfer efficiency due to poor vapor–liquid contact. Practical design targets typically fall in the range of about 60–85% of the predicted flooding velocity for sieve trays, with ~80% a common, satisfactory value.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Estimate flooding velocity from tray hydraulics correlations.Apply design factor to avoid entrainment and allow turndown margin.Select ~80% of flooding velocity as a robust design point for high efficiency with safety margin.

Verification / Alternative check:
Vendor and design handbooks frequently recommend 70–85% for sieve trays; choosing 80% lies near the center, offering good performance and margin.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
45%: overly conservative; underutilizes column capacity.60%: workable but leaves more unused capacity than typical designs.95%: too close to flooding; high entrainment and instability risk.30%: far too low, leading to poor contacting.

Common Pitfalls:
Using a fixed percentage without confirming with tray spacing, weir loading, and downcomer backup.Ignoring physical property changes across the column height.

Final Answer:
80 percent of flooding velocity