Directions: For the Assertion (A) and Reason (R) given below, choose the correct alternative. Assertion (A): Shivaji developed the guerrilla warfare. Reason (R): Shivaji feared the Mughals.

Introduction / Context:
This assertion–reason question tests understanding of Maratha history and the military strategies associated with Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj. It contrasts Shivaji innovative use of guerrilla tactics with an incorrect psychological motive that is sometimes loosely assumed by learners.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Assertion (A): Shivaji developed the guerrilla warfare.
• Reason (R): Shivaji feared the Mughals.
• The question is based on typical school level Indian history about Shivaji struggle and tactics.
• We must decide the truth of the assertion and the reason and see if R explains A.

Concept / Approach:
Guerrilla warfare involves surprise attacks, speed, knowledge of terrain and hitting and running rather than fighting in large open battles. Historical records show that Shivaji made extensive and effective use of such tactics against stronger enemies. The key question is whether he did so out of fear or as a strategic choice based on the realities of geography and relative military strength.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Step 1: Evaluate Assertion (A). Shivaji is famous for using guerrilla warfare in the Western Ghats and adjoining regions. His armies relied on surprise raids, swift movements through hills and forests and attacking enemy camps and supply lines unexpectedly. He is often credited with systematically developing and mastering these methods in the Deccan. So A is essentially true.Step 2: Evaluate Reason (R). The reason states that Shivaji feared the Mughals. While Shivaji recognised the military strength of the Mughal Empire and other powers like the Adil Shahi rulers, historical narratives describe him as a brave and determined leader who resisted larger empires. His use of guerrilla tactics reflected strategic calculation, not simple fear.Step 3: Because the wording “feared the Mughals” suggests cowardice rather than strategic wisdom, R is not accepted as historically accurate in this school level context. It is not the correct way to explain his military innovations.Step 4: Therefore Assertion (A) is true and Reason (R) is false. A correct reason would mention factors like the hilly terrain, smaller forces and the need to avoid direct large scale battles, not fear.

Verification / Alternative check:
To verify, recall that many history books highlight Shivaji courage and leadership against heavy odds. He attacked strong forts, confronted large armies and often negotiated from a position of defiance, not fear. Guerrilla warfare was an intelligent response to geography and resources. This confirms that branding it as a product of fear is misleading and unsuitable as a school level explanation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option a assumes that R is both true and explanatory, which is not supported by historical interpretation. Option b still treats R as true, which is incorrect. Option d would require A to be false, which goes against the well known fact that Shivaji employed guerrilla tactics effectively.

Common Pitfalls:
A common misunderstanding is to equate avoiding direct clashes with fear, whereas in military strategy it is often a sign of tactical wisdom. Students sometimes accept emotional sounding reasons without asking whether they accurately match textbook narratives. Always compare reasons with what is actually emphasised in your study material.

Final Answer:
The correct evaluation is that Assertion (A) is true but Reason (R) is false.