Per-capita water requirement for municipal design Which of the following is a typical per-capita water requirement adopted for urban planning (inclusive of domestic use and reasonable losses) in litres per capita per day (LPCD)?
-
A90 litres
-
B150 litres
-
C250 litres
-
D400 litres
-
E60 litres
Answer
Correct Answer: 150 litres
Explanation
Introduction / Context:Estimating demand is the first step in sizing water-supply systems. Per-capita water requirement (LPCD) depends on city size, service level, climate, and policy. A representative value is often used for preliminary design, refined later with category-wise breakdowns.
Given Data / Assumptions:
- Urban system with house connections and standard amenities.
- Losses and non-revenue water within reasonable bounds.
Concept / Approach:Commonly adopted planning figures for Indian urban areas range around 135–150 LPCD for residential and allied uses (excluding major industries). For a single best choice among rounded values, 150 LPCD is widely used for preliminary design where explicit guidance prescribes this nominal figure.
Step-by-Step Solution:
Compare options to typical norms: 150 LPCD matches standard practice.90 LPCD is low for full service levels; 250–400 LPCD reflect high-demand categories or special facilities.Select 150 litres as the representative planning value.Verification / Alternative check:Municipal planning manuals often list 135–150 LPCD; final value is tailored to local policies.
Why Other Options Are Wrong:Too low (90, 60) for urban amenities; too high (250, 400) for typical municipal residential design without special demands.
Common Pitfalls:Ignoring category-wise additions (institutional, firefighting, losses), which can alter the total system demand beyond purely domestic use.
Final Answer:150 litres