Per-capita water requirement for municipal design Which of the following is a typical per-capita water requirement adopted for urban planning (inclusive of domestic use and reasonable losses) in litres per capita per day (LPCD)?

Introduction / Context:
Estimating demand is the first step in sizing water-supply systems. Per-capita water requirement (LPCD) depends on city size, service level, climate, and policy. A representative value is often used for preliminary design, refined later with category-wise breakdowns.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Urban system with house connections and standard amenities.
• Losses and non-revenue water within reasonable bounds.

Concept / Approach:
Commonly adopted planning figures for Indian urban areas range around 135–150 LPCD for residential and allied uses (excluding major industries). For a single best choice among rounded values, 150 LPCD is widely used for preliminary design where explicit guidance prescribes this nominal figure.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Municipal planning manuals often list 135–150 LPCD; final value is tailored to local policies.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Too low (90, 60) for urban amenities; too high (250, 400) for typical municipal residential design without special demands.

Common Pitfalls:
Ignoring category-wise additions (institutional, firefighting, losses), which can alter the total system demand beyond purely domestic use.

Final Answer:
150 litres