In structural analysis using the transformed section method, a reinforced concrete (R.C.) beam is treated as which of the following for the purpose of flexural analysis?

Introduction / Context:
Reinforced concrete combines steel and concrete. For bending calculations in working stress or similar methods, engineers often use the transformed section method to simplify analysis.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Concrete and steel are perfectly bonded.
• Linear strain distribution applies.
• Steel area is transformed into an equivalent concrete area using modular ratio m = Es/Ec.

Concept / Approach:
Although R.C. is physically heterogeneous, the method converts the composite section into an equivalent homogeneous section of a single material (typically concrete). Bending stresses are then computed using standard homogeneous beam theory.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Compute modular ratio m = Es / Ec.2) Replace steel area As by m * As of concrete area.3) Determine neutral axis and section properties on the transformed (homogeneous) section.4) Use flexure formula to find stresses in concrete and steel (back-transform for steel).

Verification / Alternative check:
The approach reproduces classic R.C. design results for elastic behavior and service load checks, validating the “equivalent homogeneous” treatment for analysis.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option B ignores the standard analytical simplification and complicates calculations.Options C, D, and E misrepresent the composite nature or standard modeling assumptions.

Common Pitfalls:
Forgetting to back-calculate actual steel stress after using transformed areas; mixing up Es and Ec values in the modular ratio.

Final Answer:
Homogeneous material (via transformed section)