Chain surveying terminology: What does “ranging” mean in the context of chaining a straight line between two fixed end points?

Introduction / Context:
“Ranging” is a basic operation in chain surveying used to align intermediate points on a straight line between two end stations. Correct understanding of this term is necessary to coordinate the roles of the leader and follower and to ensure straight-line measurement across undulating ground.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Two end points of the line are known and intervisible or made intervisible.
• Objective is to place intermediate marks so that the chain can be laid straight.
• Standard ranging methods: direct, reciprocal, and by eye or with ranging rods.

Concept / Approach:

Ranging is the act of fixing points that lie on the straight line joining two given points. It involves aligning a ranging rod (or temporary mark) so that it visually falls on the line of sight connecting the end stations. Direct ranging is used when both stations are intervisible; reciprocal ranging is employed when an intervening obstruction prevents direct alignment from one end.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Field checks include sighting back and forth and ensuring that the intermediate marks remain on line when the observer changes position slightly.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Option A refers to an off-line point; C confuses ranging with mere distance computation; D describes offsetting, a different operation; E is not applicable.

Common Pitfalls:

Leaving intermediate points slightly off-line over rolling ground; not using reciprocal ranging when direct line of sight is blocked.

Final Answer:

Establishing an intermediate point on the line