In the OSI reference model, which layer is responsible for providing reliable, error-free delivery of data between end systems (end-to-end), including sequencing and retransmission when needed?

Introduction / Context:
The OSI model decomposes communication into seven layers, each offering distinct services. While several layers participate in reliability, the one classically tasked with end-to-end reliable, error-free delivery—handling sequencing, flow control, and retransmission—is the Transport layer.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We are using the OSI model as a conceptual framework.
• “Error-free delivery” here means end-to-end reliability as seen by applications.
• Mechanisms include segmentation/reassembly, sequencing, acknowledgments, and retransmission.

Concept / Approach:
The Transport layer (Layer 4) establishes logical end-to-end connections and can present a reliable byte stream (e.g., like TCP in the TCP/IP suite). Although the Data Link layer also performs error detection and reliable delivery, its scope is hop-to-hop on a single link, not end-to-end across the network. The Network layer focuses on routing and addressing, not reliability guarantees.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the target service: end-to-end error-free delivery, not just local link reliability.Map this service within OSI: Layer 4 (Transport) provides sequencing, flow control, and retransmission.Confirm that lower layers (Data Link, Network) have different scopes: hop-level reliability and routing.Therefore, the correct OSI layer for the described responsibility is the Transport layer.

Verification / Alternative check:
In TCP/IP, TCP is often mapped to the Transport layer and implements these very features: sequence numbers, acknowledgments, window-based flow control, and retransmission timers.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Data Link: Provides frame-level reliability on a single link; not end-to-end across routers.

Network: Routes packets between networks; typically offers best-effort delivery without retransmission.

Session: Manages dialog control and synchronization for application exchanges, not raw data reliability.

None of the above: Incorrect because the Transport layer fits.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing hop-to-hop frame reliability with end-to-end transport reliability, and assuming “Network” does retransmissions (in classic OSI, it does not).

Final Answer:
Transport layer