In Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver design, which antenna type is the most widely used on satellites, handheld devices, and surveying rovers due to its compact form factor and right-hand circular polarization support?

Introduction / Context:
GPS receivers must capture very weak L-band signals arriving from satellites at high altitudes. The antenna choice affects gain pattern, polarization, size, weight, and cost. In practice, the microstrip (patch) antenna has become the most widely used solution across consumer, professional, and even spaceborne applications because it balances radio-frequency performance with manufacturing practicality.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Operating in L-band (around L1 1575.42 MHz and L2 1227.60 MHz), right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) is required.
• Receivers are often size- and power-constrained (phones, drones, rovers).
• Omnidirectional or hemispherical patterns are desirable for sky coverage.

Concept / Approach:
Microstrip patch antennas are printed on dielectric substrates, enabling compact, low-profile designs. They are easily integrated, can be arrayed for higher gain, and can be designed for RHCP using simple feed networks or stacked patches. Compared with dishes or horns, patches offer adequate gain for GPS and are far easier to embed in mobile platforms.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify GPS antenna needs: RHCP, suitable hemispherical pattern, compactness.Evaluate candidates: parabolic and horn antennas provide high gain but are bulky and impractical for handhelds.Consider slotted or dipole designs: may need complex networks to achieve RHCP and desired patterns.Conclude microstrip patch optimally meets requirements and is the prevalent choice.

Verification / Alternative check:
Survey-grade choke-ring antennas use stacked microstrip patches with ground planes to mitigate multipath. Smartphones and receivers commonly feature ceramic patch or flexible printed patches, confirming widespread adoption.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Parabolic antenna: excellent gain but far too large and heavy for typical GPS receivers.
• Horn antenna: high directivity and size not suited for consumer GPS.
• Slotted antenna: possible but less common for mass GPS use.
• Dipole with balun: linear polarization and pattern limitations for GPS unless heavily engineered.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming higher gain always equals better GPS performance; in practice, pattern uniformity, RHCP, and multipath rejection matter more than raw gain for many applications.

Final Answer:
Microstrip antenna