Earth–Sun Energy Budget At which location do the minimum values of annual receipts of solar radiation (insolation) occur on Earth?

Introduction / Context:
Annual insolation varies with latitude due to the angle of incidence and seasonal day length. Understanding where minima occur helps explain climate patterns such as persistent cold in high latitudes and the location of major ice sheets and tundra biomes.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• We compare annual totals, not just seasonal peaks.
• Latitude strongly controls average solar input.
• “Arctic” here denotes the high-latitude polar region (similar logic applies to the Antarctic).

Concept / Approach:
At the poles, the sun is always low on the horizon, spreading energy over a larger area and reducing intensity. Long polar nights further reduce annual totals. By contrast, the equator and tropical belts receive higher annual insolation because the sun is frequently high in the sky and day length is more consistent.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Climatological maps of mean annual insolation show minima over polar regions and maxima over subtropical deserts (clear skies) and equatorial zones—confirming the choice.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• The equator: High annual insolation due to high sun angles.
• The tropics: Also high annual totals; many deserts lie here due to subsidence and clear skies.
• None of the above: Incorrect because the arctic is a valid option.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing peak seasonal intensity (summer subtropics) with annual totals. Over a full year, polar low angles and darkness dominate the energy budget.

Final Answer:
the arctic