Heating a gas – which properties change? When a gas is heated (and constraints may vary), which of the following quantities can change as a result of the heating?

Introduction / Context:
The response of a gas to heating depends on the boundary conditions. Gas properties are interrelated by the equation of state; therefore, changing energy content typically alters temperature and, depending on constraints, pressure and/or volume as well.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Ideal-gas model for clarity.
• Heating implies net energy input as heat.
• Different possible constraints: constant volume (isochoric), constant pressure (isobaric), or neither.

Concept / Approach:
Ideal-gas equation: pV = mRT. Heating raises internal energy and typically raises temperature. If the container volume is fixed, rising temperature increases pressure. If pressure is fixed (e.g., movable piston), rising temperature increases volume. If neither p nor V is constrained, both can change simultaneously under dynamic conditions.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Case 1 (constant V): Heat in → T increases → p = mRT/V increases.Case 2 (constant p): Heat in → T increases → V = mRT/p increases.Case 3 (general): Heat in → T increases; both p and V may adjust depending on mechanical constraints.Therefore, heating can change temperature, pressure, and volume.

Verification / Alternative check:
Calorimetry experiments show distinct specific heats: cv for constant-volume heating and cp for constant-pressure heating, confirming that different constraints lead to different property changes (pressure vs. volume).

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Choosing only one variable ignores the variety of boundary conditions commonplace in practice.
• “None” is incorrect; heating necessarily changes at least temperature.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming a single “law” covers all heating scenarios; always specify constraints before predicting which state variables change.

Final Answer:
all of these