Perpetual Motion of the First Kind (PMM-1) – First-Law Feasibility A machine that produces net work without any energy input (violates energy conservation) is called a PMM-1 and is impossible according to the First Law of Thermodynamics.

Introduction / Context:
Thermodynamics classifies hypothetical perpetual-motion machines by which law they violate. PMM-1 devices claim to create energy from nothing. Identifying their impossibility strengthens understanding of energy conservation.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Closed system or cycle allegedly delivering net work output.
• No heat or other energy input from surroundings.
• Classical macroscopic thermodynamics.

Concept / Approach:

The First Law states ΔE = Q − W for a cycle, where ΔE = 0. Therefore, for a device producing work W > 0 in a cycle, a compensating heat input Q = W must be supplied. A PMM-1 claims W > 0 while Q = 0, which contradicts ΔE = 0 and violates energy conservation.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

No experimental evidence has ever demonstrated PMM-1; all verified engines obey Q_in ≥ W_out over a cycle with residual losses.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Superconductivity or zero friction reduce losses but do not create energy. Ambient temperature does not circumvent conservation of energy.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing PMM-1 with PMM-2 (which violates the Second Law). Believing lossless components alone enable perpetual work output.

Final Answer:

impossible