Production types: Which statements are typically true for jobbing (job shop) production?

Introduction / Context:
Jobbing production (job shop) deals with low volumes, high variety, and custom specifications. Each order may follow a different path, challenging planning and cost control.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Small lot sizes or one-off jobs.
• General-purpose machines arranged by process (functional layout).
• High setup frequency and complex routing.

Concept / Approach:
Because of variability and customization, job shops rely on skilled labour to set up, adjust, and problem-solve. Changeovers and indirect time raise unit costs. Labour content is significant compared to automated lines, making operations relatively labour-intensive.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Benchmark against machine shop environments; costing shows higher unit cost than line production due to lost economies of scale.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Choosing any single statement understates the multidimensional nature of jobbing production.

Common Pitfalls:
Attempting line balancing in a job shop; underestimating setup and queue times in lead-time quotes.

Final Answer:
All of these