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Heat treatment sequence: Arrange the metallurgical phenomena in correct chronological order for annealing of cold-worked steels. As temperature/time increases during a standard annealing heat cycle, the microstructural stages occur in a characteristic order (stress relief/recovery, recrystallisation, grain growth). Choose the correct sequence.

Difficulty: Easy

Correct Answer: Stress relief → recrystallisation → grain growth

Explanation:

Concept/Approach
During annealing of cold-worked steels, three phenomena occur in order: (1) stress relief (recovery), (2) recrystallisation, (3) grain growth.

Why this order?
Stress relief / recovery: dislocation rearrangement lowers residual stresses without new grains forming.Recrystallisation: new, strain-free grains nucleate and grow, replacing the deformed structure.Grain growth: existing recrystallised grains coarsen when held longer/hotter.

Common pitfalls
Confusing recovery with recrystallisation, or assuming grain growth can precede recrystallisation.

Final Answer
Stress relief → recrystallisation → grain growth

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