Pile load terminology: The maximum load that a pile carries while it continues to sink without any further increase of applied load is termed as:

Introduction / Context:
Static pile load tests and dynamic formulas both aim to estimate the ultimate capacity of a pile. The observed load at which settlement continues without further load increase indicates that the ultimate resistance mechanisms (shaft + base) have been fully mobilized. Different terms are used for this state but refer to the same concept of “ultimate”.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Load–settlement behavior shows continuing penetration at roughly constant load.
• Soil and pile interface have reached limiting resistance.
• Allowable load would require safety factors and serviceability limits, not asked here.

Concept / Approach:

Ultimate load-carrying capacity, ultimate bearing capacity, and ultimate bearing resistance are near-synonyms describing the peak or limiting capacity prior to failure. In pile testing, if sinking continues at constant load, the pile has essentially reached ultimate capacity. The allowable (safe) load is a reduced value obtained by applying a factor of safety or by meeting deflection criteria.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Interpreting load tests (e.g., Davisson or Chin–Kondner methods) estimates ultimate, then allowable is derived.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

(e) Allowable is not the same as ultimate; it is a design value with safety margins.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing “yielding to constant-load penetration” with creep at service loads; neglecting rate effects in dynamic tests.

Final Answer:

All the above