Semiconductor basics – Match materials and roles List I (Material/Term) A. Silicon B. Antimony (Sb) C. Gallium (Ga) D. Germanium (Ge) List II (Fact) Donor impurity (n-type dopant) Acceptor impurity (p-type dopant) Most commonly used semiconductor material Atomic number 32 Choose the correct mapping.

Introduction / Context:
Device physics questions often test recognition of common dopants and elemental facts. Silicon dominates modern electronics; germanium details, and typical trivalent/pentavalent dopants like Ga and Sb, are staple facts.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Silicon (Si) is the mainstream semiconductor substrate.
• Antimony (Sb), with five valence electrons, acts as a donor (n-type) in Si/Ge.
• Gallium (Ga), with three valence electrons, acts as an acceptor (p-type).
• Germanium (Ge) has atomic number 32.

Concept / Approach:

Match valence considerations and periodic table facts to typical semiconductor roles. Pentavalent → donor; trivalent → acceptor; Si → dominant material platform; Ge → Z = 32.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Standard doping tables list Sb as donor and Ga as acceptor for Si/Ge. Basic chemistry confirms Ge has atomic number 32.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

Swapping donor/acceptor contradicts valence logic; mislabeling Si as anything but the dominant platform ignores industry reality.

Common Pitfalls:

Confusing Ga (acceptor) with Group V donors; forgetting Ge's atomic number.

Final Answer:

A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4.