Critical Reasoning – Pricing decision by an airline: "X-Airlines has increased passenger fares by 15% with immediate effect." Determine which assumption(s) are implicit: (I) Demand for X-Airlines seats will remain largely unchanged despite the fare hike; (II) Competing airlines may also raise their passenger fares.

Given data

• Action: Immediate 15% fare increase by X-Airlines.
• Assumption I: Demand is sufficiently inelastic (will not fall enough to make the hike unprofitable).
• Assumption II: Rival airlines will also raise fares.

Concept/Approach
A firm raising prices assumes it won't lose proportionately more revenue (i.e., demand won't collapse). Competitive reactions are speculative and not essential for the decision's rationale.

Step-by-step reasoning
• If demand were highly elastic, an immediate hike could reduce revenue; assuming some stickiness/inelasticity (I) is necessary.• The decision can be taken independently of competitors' actions; thus II is not necessary.

Verification/Alternative
Deny I → the hike backfires; the decision lacks business sense. Deny II → rivals may or may not react; X's choice still stands.

Common pitfalls

• Overstating the role of competitor behavior in every pricing move.

Final Answer
Only assumption I is implicit.