Cause–effect analysis on law and order: incidents of atrocities against women have risen sharply while police have been unable to nab the culprits — determine the correct causal direction between these two statements

Given data

• I: Incidents of atrocities against women have increased in recent months.
• II: Police have been unable to nab the culprits committing these crimes.

Concept/Approach

Impunity effect: failure to catch offenders can embolden repeat offenses and new offenders, increasing crime incidence.

Step-by-step reasoning
1) Police inability to apprehend (II) → lower deterrence.2) Lower deterrence → higher frequency of offenses (I).

Verification/Alternative

I causing II would imply high crime made police unable; but the statement highlights inability as ongoing, which more naturally precedes or fuels rise.

Common pitfalls

• Reversing causal direction due to temporal correlation.

Final Answer
Statement II is the cause and statement I is its effect.