Linking data physically: are the two basic constructs for connecting data items sequential placement and pointer-based references?

Introduction / Context:
Physical data access relies on how records are arranged and connected. Two foundational mechanisms are sequential organization and pointer-based linking.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Sequential placement (clustering) keeps related records near each other to enable efficient scans.
• Pointers (record IDs, page/slot references, B-Tree child pointers) allow direct navigation between related items.
• Many structures combine both ideas (for example, clustered B-Trees with leaf-level sibling pointers).

Concept / Approach:
Sequential storage exploits spatial locality; pointers enable selective traversal. Together, they underpin heaps, clustered indexes, linked lists, and tree structures.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify sequential clustering benefits for range queries.Identify pointer-based navigation for joins and index traversals.Recognize coexistence in common index designs.Therefore, the statement is valid.

Verification / Alternative check:
Index diagrams show sibling and child pointers; storage guides emphasize clustering for scan workloads.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Limiting to pointers alone ignores sequential organizations; tying validity to heaps, hierarchy, or page size is unjustified.

Common Pitfalls:
Overlooking fragmentation that breaks sequential locality; ignoring pointer maintenance costs on updates.

Final Answer:
Valid — sequential storage and pointers are fundamental linking constructs