Composting terminology: Alternating layers of vegetable waste and night soil piled above ground to form a long mound are called what?

Introduction / Context:
Organic waste stabilization can be done by composting. Windrow composting forms elongated piles (windrows) that are periodically turned to maintain aerobic conditions. Historically, alternating layers of excreta and organic bulking agents were used where sanitary infrastructure was limited.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Layers: vegetable waste and night soil alternated.
• Piled above ground in a long mound.
• Turning/aeration presumed for aerobic stabilization and pathogen reduction.

Concept / Approach:

A windrow is an elongated pile optimized for surface aeration and mechanical turning. Proper C:N ratio (about 25–30:1), moisture (about 50–60%), and temperature (thermophilic range 55–65°C) ensure effective stabilization and pathogen die-off before land application or safe disposal.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Temperature logs and odor reduction indicate successful composting; pathogen indicators (e.g., fecal coliform) verify sanitation targets.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

“Heap” is generic and lacks the process implication; “plateau” is unrelated; windrow is the specific term for long mounds.

Common Pitfalls:

Insufficient turning; wrong moisture; inadequate curing leading to odor and pathogen risks.

Final Answer:

Windrow