Java compilation targets: are Java programs compiled into portable bytecode that runs on a Java Virtual Machine (JVM)? Evaluate this foundational statement.

Introduction / Context:
Java’s “write once, run anywhere” promise originates from compiling source code into a platform-neutral intermediate form called bytecode. This bytecode executes on any compatible Java Virtual Machine (JVM), enabling broad portability across operating systems and hardware.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• The statement says Java programs are compiled into bytecode.
• We focus on the standard javac toolchain and conventional deployment.
• Alternative toolchains (for example, ahead-of-time native image) do not negate the general rule.

Concept / Approach:
The javac compiler converts .java files into .class files containing JVM bytecode. The JVM loads these classes, verifies them, and executes them using interpretation and/or just-in-time compilation. While newer technologies can compile Java to native binaries, the canonical model remains bytecode to JVM execution, which underpins Java’s portability and security model.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Inspect compiled output: .class files contain bytecode; tools like javap display bytecode instructions, confirming the compilation target.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Java does not “only” compile to native machine code; that is optional via specialized tools.
• Bytecode applies broadly (apps, libraries, tests), not only applets or Android.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing JVM bytecode with CPU-specific machine code; assuming Android uses standard JVM bytecode (Android uses DEX/ART but the principle of intermediate bytecode remains similar).

Final Answer:
Valid (Java source compiles to bytecode executed by the JVM)