Basic accounting identities for plant finances Which of the following relationships is <em>invalid</em> in standard financial accounting for a chemical plant?

Introduction / Context:
Financial identities connect the balance sheet and income statement. Engineers using economic analyses should recognize correct relationships to avoid misinterpretation of project performance and company health.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Standard accounting conventions: “equities” = liabilities + owners’ equity (net worth).
• “Capital” is not a complete synonym for total equities unless explicitly defined that way in a specific context.

Concept / Approach:
The fundamental balance-sheet identity is: Assets = Liabilities + Owners’ Equity. This is sometimes stated as Assets = Equities (where Equities encompasses both creditors and owners). On the income statement, Total income = Costs + Profits is equivalent to Profit = Income − Costs. However, “Assets = capital” is not a general identity; capital can mean owners’ equity only, paid-in capital, or fixed capital, none of which necessarily equals total assets.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Any introductory accounting text presents the basic equation and clarifies terminology for equity versus assets.

Why Other Options Are Wrong (i.e., they are valid):

• Assets = equities: True by definition if equities include both liabilities and net worth.
• Assets = liabilities + net worth: The fundamental balance-sheet identity.
• Total income = costs + profits: Algebraic rearrangement of profit definition.

Common Pitfalls:
Using “capital” ambiguously to mean fixed assets, owners’ equity, or total investment; clarity of definitions is essential.

Final Answer:
Assets = capital