Relative cost comparison: for similar chemical process plants, the typical total cost of constructing a plant in India is approximately how much percent higher than the cost of a similar plant in the U.S.A. (order-of-magnitude estimate)?

Introduction / Context:
International cost estimation often uses location factors to adapt baseline costs from one country to another. For planning-level comparisons, engineers quote approximate percentages or indices acknowledging differences in labor rates, materials, logistics, codes, and taxation.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Plants are of similar capacity and technology.
• Comparison excludes volatile currency swings and recent shocks; it is an order-of-magnitude benchmark.
• Percent figure reflects typical textbook and exam convention.

Concept / Approach:
Location factors capture regional cost multipliers. In many instructional references, India’s installed plant costs are cited as moderately higher or lower depending on era and data source; in traditional exam sets, a value around 15 percent higher than a U.S. baseline is commonly used as a representative comparison for quick estimates.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify the conventional benchmark value used in standard problem sets.Select the closest option representing a modest differential.Answer: 15 percent.

Verification / Alternative check:
Cost index handbooks provide detailed factors by country and time. While real-world values vary, the exam-style convention typically uses a single rounded percentage for quick mental calculations.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
35, 55, 75: These imply much larger cost gaps that are not standard as teaching norms for generic comparisons.

Common Pitfalls:

• Treating this percentage as a fixed truth rather than an estimate sensitive to exchange rates and local market conditions.
• Forgetting to apply inflation and cost indices when moving across years.

Final Answer:
15