The initiation of a systems investigation may be triggered by which of the following organizational actions?

Introduction / Context:
Systems investigations start when an organization recognizes a problem, risk, or opportunity. Triggers can originate from management, routine governance processes, or proactive analysis—understanding these sources clarifies how improvement initiatives begin.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Organizations conduct periodic reviews of systems for compliance, performance, and alignment.
• Managers can initiate change when goals or constraints shift.
• Analysts can surface issues via audits, monitoring, or feasibility studies.

Concept / Approach:
Initiation mechanisms are plural. Good governance encourages both top-down requests (management), scheduled reviews (policy), and bottom-up discovery (analyst). Any of these can justifiably launch a formal investigation.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Consider each option as a plausible trigger.Recognize that each occurs in normal practice and may lead to a charter or mandate.Therefore, the comprehensive answer is “All of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Project initiation documents often cite a manager's request, a governance calendar review, or an analyst's findings (e.g., incident trends, control gaps) as the origin of the investigation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Selecting only one source would ignore the others that legitimately initiate investigations. “None of the above” is incorrect because all listed triggers are valid.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming investigations must be management-ordered. In mature organizations, continuous improvement and monitoring by analysts and scheduled reviews also initiate change.

Final Answer:
All of the above