In systems documentation, what does HIPO (Hierarchy plus Input-Process-Output) provide? Select the most complete characterization.

Introduction / Context:
HIPO stands for Hierarchy plus Input-Process-Output. It is a classic documentation technique used to communicate the structure of a system (via a hierarchy chart) and the flow of information and transformations (via IPO charts). This question asks for the most complete description.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• “Forms-driven” refers to standardized chart formats used to make documentation consistent.
• Hierarchy chart shows the system broken down into modules.
• IPO charts describe inputs, the processing performed, and outputs for each module.

Concept / Approach:
HIPO uses a top-down methodology. The hierarchy chart is the structural map; IPO charts are the detailed “contracts” for each box in the hierarchy, linking data items to processes and outputs. Together, they improve clarity and maintainability.

Step-by-Step Solution:
1) Confirm the technique is standardized and forms-driven (consistent templates).2) Confirm that a hierarchy chart is included (module structure).3) Confirm the IPO detail charts exist (data and process view per module).4) Recognize all three statements jointly define HIPO; choose “All of the above.”

Verification / Alternative check:
Historical systems analysis texts consistently describe HIPO with a two-part deliverable: the hierarchy view and the IPO charts, aligned to a top-down approach.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Any single statement alone is incomplete; HIPO encompasses all three features simultaneously.

Common Pitfalls:
Using only hierarchy charts without IPO details, which reduces traceability from data to processing outcomes.

Final Answer:
All of the above accurately describe HIPO.