Springs – which type generally yields the highest discharge? Among common spring types, from which type is a higher yield generally expected for water-supply development?

Introduction / Context:
Springs can be important localized sources of potable water. Their yield depends on aquifer type, recharge, and hydraulic head. For system design, understanding which springs tend to give higher sustained discharges is valuable.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Typical hydrogeologic settings for gravity, surface, and artesian springs.
• Comparison is qualitative (general trend).

Concept / Approach:
Artesian (confined) aquifers store water under pressure between impervious layers. Where a confining layer is breached, artesian springs may discharge at substantial rates, sometimes flowing naturally without pumping. Gravity and surface springs can be reliable but often have lower, more seasonal yields tied to local recharge and storage.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify confined, pressurized storage as the driver of higher yields → artesian springs.Compare with gravity/surface springs where head and storage are limited.Select the highest-yielding type in general practice.

Verification / Alternative check:
Case studies and hydrogeologic surveys frequently exploit artesian conditions for municipal supplies due to dependable head and yields.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• (a) and (b) can be productive locally but usually provide lower, more variable flows.
• (d) “All equally” is not accurate; hydrogeology controls yields.
• (e) Geysers are rare and not used for potable supply.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming a high instantaneous spring flow equates to sustainable yield; long-term monitoring is required.

Final Answer:
Artesian springs (confined aquifer under pressure)