Define a harbour: which combination best captures the functions and facilities typically associated with a harbour in port engineering?

Introduction / Context:
A harbour is more than a calm patch of water; it is an integrated system that offers protection, berthing, and shore-based infrastructure to support maritime operations. Understanding this holistic definition helps distinguish a simple roadstead from a developed port.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Shelter from waves and weather for safe mooring and manoeuvring.
• Facilities for passengers and cargo (quays, terminals, handling equipment).
• Ancillary commercial buildings (administration, customs, warehouses, support services).

Concept / Approach:
A basic harbour provides protection; a commercial harbour adds berthing, handling facilities, and landside support, enabling efficient exchange between sea and land transport networks.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Identify key elements: shelter, operations, and infrastructure.Confirm that each listed item corresponds to a standard harbour function.Select the comprehensive option capturing all three.

Verification / Alternative check:
Port design manuals describe harbours as protected basins with terminals and support buildings.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Choosing a single function omits critical aspects of a working harbour.

Common Pitfalls:

• Confusing a refuge harbour (shelter only) with a fully developed commercial harbour.

Final Answer:
all the above.