GPS – Where is it widely recognized as accurate, fast, and cost-effective? Select the application areas where GPS/GNSS provides a proven combination of accuracy, speed, and cost-effectiveness.

Introduction / Context:
Global Positioning System (GPS) and other GNSS constellations underpin modern positioning. From field mapping to turn-by-turn navigation and high-precision orbit determination, GNSS provides scalable accuracy with receivers ranging from handheld to geodetic grade.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Open-sky conditions or appropriate augmentation (SBAS, RTK, PPP) as required.
• Standard GIS data collection tolerances (sub-metre to metre for mapping-grade; centimetre for survey-grade).
• For LEO orbit/altitude, use precise GNSS tracking with dynamic models.

Concept / Approach:

GNSS delivers positioning by trilateration using satellite pseudoranges and carrier phases. For GIS, handheld/receiver solutions streamline coordinate capture. For navigation, continuous fixes guide movement. For precise orbit determination, carrier-phase measurements and dynamic models estimate spacecraft state vectors to centimetre-level accuracy.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:

Published performance reports show sub-metre mapping with SBAS and centimetre-level survey with RTK/PPP; multiple LEO missions use onboard GNSS for precise orbit determination.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

“None” contradicts extensive operational use; choosing a subset ignores established capabilities.

Common Pitfalls:

Assuming one accuracy fits all; forgetting augmentation requirements; ignoring multipath/obstruction effects.

Final Answer:

All of these