Consequences of global warming and climate change Which outcomes are commonly associated with a warming climate on regional to global scales?

Introduction / Context:
Global warming alters atmospheric and oceanic energy balances, influencing hydrology, storm dynamics, and agricultural systems. Environmental engineers and planners must anticipate multiple, interrelated impacts rather than a single isolated effect when considering adaptation and resilience projects.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Warming trend leads to changes in rainfall intensity and distribution.
• Warmer sea-surface temperatures can affect cyclone formation and intensity.
• Agricultural productivity responds to temperature, precipitation, and extreme events.

Concept / Approach:
Higher atmospheric moisture capacity (per Clausius–Clapeyron relation) supports more intense precipitation events, contributing to flooding. Ocean warming and changing wind shear conditions can influence the frequency and intensity of tropical cyclones in some basins. Heat stress, shifting seasons, water scarcity, and increased pest pressure can decrease food productivity in vulnerable regions. Therefore, floods, cyclonic impacts, and reduced crop yields are all credible and widely cited outcomes connected with climate warming, making the comprehensive choice correct.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
Assessment reports consistently project increased heavy precipitation events, coastal flood exposure, and climate-sensitive reductions in yields for key crops without adaptation, supporting the combined answer.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:

• Each single impact (a, b, or c) is incomplete; climate change affects multiple systems simultaneously.
• None of these: Contradicts the established scientific understanding.

Common Pitfalls:
Assuming uniform global behaviour; regional variability exists, but the listed impacts are broadly consistent with observed and projected trends.

Final Answer:
All (a), (b) and (c)