Geodetic surveying — in which situations is geodetic (high-precision, large-area) surveying undertaken? Select the most comprehensive purpose from the list below.

Introduction / Context:
Geodetic surveying extends beyond ordinary plane surveying by considering the curvature of the Earth and employing high-precision techniques. It establishes accurate control networks, supports national mapping, and underpins geodesy—the science of Earth measurement. This question checks whether you can recognize the full scope of geodetic work rather than a single, narrow outcome.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Large areas where Earth curvature cannot be neglected.
• High-precision instruments and observation procedures are used.
• Outputs include accurate mapping and a robust control framework.

Concept / Approach:
Geodetic surveys determine positions (latitude, longitude, and often ellipsoidal/orthometric heights) with stringent accuracy through triangulation, trilateration, GNSS, leveling, and gravity observations. They create primary control networks that feed into topographic, cadastral, and engineering surveys over wide regions.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:
National mapping agencies (e.g., geodetic control networks) exemplify the “all-in” nature—control points, accurate maps, and scientific Earth measurements are all outputs of geodetic activity.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Each single-purpose option is true but incomplete. Only “All of the above” captures the complete mandate of geodetic surveying.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing geodetic with plane surveying; ignoring curvature and control accuracy leads to cumulative errors over large extents.

Final Answer:
All of the above