Indian climate (monsoon): Identify the major factors responsible for the monsoon-type climate over India. Consider the following four drivers of the South Asian monsoon: (1) Location (latitudinal setting of India in the tropics–subtropics) (2) Thermal contrast between land and sea (3) Upper-air circulation (Tibetan heating, subtropical and tropical jets) (4) Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migration and position Choose the correct combination(s).

Given/Concept

• The South Asian monsoon is driven by large-scale thermal contrast (land heats/cools faster than ocean), migration of the ITCZ, and upper-air circulation including Tibetan Plateau heating and jet streams.
• India’s latitudinal location supports monsoon rains but is not the primary dynamical driver by itself compared to (2), (3), and (4).

Approach
Identify the mechanisms that actively generate and steer the seasonal reversal of winds and rainfall.

Answer logic
(2) Land–sea thermal contrast → pressure gradients; (3) Upper-air jets and Tibetan heating modulate onset/strength; (4) ITCZ shift provides rising motion and convergence. Location (1) is supportive, not the key driver.

Final Answer
(2), (3) and (4) only.