Reciprocal regulation of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis: What is the dual regulatory effect of fructose-2,6-bisphosphate on the key opposing enzymes?

Introduction / Context:
Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP) is a powerful allosteric regulator that coordinates glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, especially in liver. It integrates hormonal signals (insulin/glucagon) via the bifunctional PFK-2/FBPase-2 enzyme.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• PFK-1 catalyzes fructose-6-phosphate → fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (glycolysis).
• Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase catalyzes the reverse direction in gluconeogenesis.
• F2,6BP is synthesized and degraded by PFK-2/FBPase-2 under hormonal control.

Concept / Approach:
F2,6BP activates PFK-1, increasing glycolytic flux, and simultaneously inhibits fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, decreasing gluconeogenic flux. This reciprocal regulation prevents futile cycling and aligns hepatic metabolism with systemic glucose needs.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Relate insulin signaling to PFK-2 activation → F2,6BP rises. F2,6BP binds PFK-1 → increases affinity for fructose-6-phosphate. F2,6BP binds fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase → decreases its activity. Therefore, the correct dual effect is activation of PFK-1 and inhibition of FBPase.

Verification / Alternative check:
Hepatic experiments show high F2,6BP enhances glycolysis and suppresses gluconeogenesis; glucagon lowers F2,6BP via PFK-2 phosphorylation, reversing the effect.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Option a reverses the true directions; options b and c give only half the story; option e contradicts extensive evidence in mammals.

Common Pitfalls:
Confusing F2,6BP (regulator) with fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (metabolite); mixing up PFK-2 with PFK-1.

Final Answer:
Both activation of phosphofructokinase-1 and inhibition of fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase.