Statement–Argument — Should school education be made free in India? Arguments: I) Yes; free schooling is the only way to lift literacy levels. II) No; it will add to the already heavy burden on the exchequer. Choose the strong argument(s).

Introduction / Context:Universal schooling policy involves pedagogy, access, and financing. Strong arguments should avoid “only way” absolutes and present material considerations.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Literacy can be raised by multiple levers—free tuition, midday meals, quality reforms, local access.
• Making school free has fiscal costs that must be budgeted.
• The question is about strength of given arguments, not final policy verdicts.

Concept / Approach:Argument I is weak due to the “only way” overclaim; other levers exist. Argument II is strong as it raises a real budgetary constraint central to feasibility decisions.

Step-by-Step Solution:

Verification / Alternative check:Even pro-free-school systems perform fiscal analysis; costs are central to implementation.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:“Both strong” is invalid because I is overstated.

Common Pitfalls:Confusing desirability with exclusive causality.

Final Answer:if only argument II is strong.