Comparing A/D methods: Among single-slope ramp, dual-slope ramp, successive-approximation, and tracking converters, which typically achieves the fastest conversions (ignoring flash/pipeline types)?

Introduction / Context:
ADC architectures balance speed, accuracy, complexity, and power. Without considering flash or pipelined ADCs, designers often choose between ramp/integrating, tracking, and successive-approximation approaches for general-purpose conversions.

Given Data / Assumptions:

• Single-slope and dual-slope integrate over time; these methods are comparatively slow but can be very accurate (dual-slope) and reject noise.
• Tracking converters adjust a running estimate one LSB at a time; worst-case convergence can be slow for large input changes.
• SAR converters complete in approximately N comparison steps for N-bit resolution.

Concept / Approach:
A SAR ADC resolves an N-bit code in about N comparator decisions regardless of the analog input value. In contrast, integrating methods require a full integration interval and reference run-down. Tracking may require many steps if the input changes significantly.

Step-by-Step Solution:
Compare per-conversion time: T_SAR ≈ N * t_cmp, typically short.Integrators: T ≈ controlled by fixed gate times → slower.Tracking: T depends on difference between current code and target → potentially longer.

Verification / Alternative check:
Datasheets for typical SAR ADCs show much higher sample rates than low-cost ramp or dual-slope designs.

Why Other Options Are Wrong:
Single- and dual-slope prioritize precision over speed. Tracking can lag large steps. Therefore, of the listed, SAR is typically fastest.

Common Pitfalls:
Equating “fastest possible ADC” with SAR; flash/pipeline are faster but were not options here.

Final Answer:
successive-approximation converter